Dance Movement Therapy 2025 | Healing Through Motion

Dance Movement Therapy 2025 | Healing Through Motion | Mind & Emotional Wellness

1. Introduction to Dance Movement Therapy

Dance Movement Therapy (DMT) is a dynamic, evidence-based practice that uses movement and dance to promote mental, emotional, and physical well-being. By engaging clients in expressive movement, it offers a non-verbal pathway to process emotions and enhance health. As of 2025, DMT is recognized for its versatility across diverse populations, bolstered by neuroscience insights and digital innovations. Below, we explore its definition, history, and the vital role movement plays in mental and physical health.

1.1 Definition and Overview of Dance Movement Therapy

Dance Movement Therapy is a psychotherapeutic intervention that uses movement to support emotional, cognitive, physical, and social integration. According to the American Dance Therapy Association (ADTA), DMT involves trained therapists guiding clients through movement activities to achieve therapeutic goals, such as reducing anxiety or improving motor skills (American Dance Therapy Association, 2025). Sessions may include structured dance, improvisation, or body awareness exercises, tailored to individual needs.
In 2025, DMT integrates virtual platforms like DanceTherapyVR, enabling remote sessions with motion-capture technology, expanding access for clients in underserved areas (DanceTherapyVR, 2025). It’s effective for conditions like depression, trauma, and autism, providing a creative outlet for expression (Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2024). DMT is practiced in settings like hospitals, schools, and community centers, suitable for all ages (ADTA Settings, 2025).

1.2 History and Evolution of Dance Movement Therapy

DMT’s roots trace back to the early 20th century, when dance pioneers like Marian Chace recognized movement’s therapeutic potential. It formalized in the 1940s, with the ADTA established in 1966 to set professional standards (American Dance Therapy Association, 2025). Early practitioners combined dance with psychoanalytic principles to address emotional needs (ADTA History, 2025).
By 2025, DMT has evolved with neuroscience, showing how movement activates brain areas like the motor cortex, aiding emotional and physical regulation (Neuroscience Journal, 2024). Digital tools, such as virtual reality platforms, have transformed practice, with Thera-Link offering remote DMT sessions (Thera-Link, 2025). Culturally responsive approaches, incorporating diverse dance forms, have grown, as emphasized in recent ADTA guidelines (American Dance Therapy Association, 2023).

1.3 Importance of Movement in Mental and Physical Health

Movement is a cornerstone of mental and physical health, engaging the body and brain to reduce stress and enhance well-being. Movement-based activities lower cortisol levels, with a 2023 study showing a 25% reduction in anxiety after dance sessions (Anxiety Research, 2023). DMT enhances emotional resilience, particularly for depression and PTSD, with 2024 research noting improved mood in 60% of participants (Depression Study, 2024).
Physically, movement improves coordination and motor function, with 2025 studies showing a 30% enhancement in mobility for Parkinson’s patients through rhythmic dance (Parkinson’s Research, 2025). It also fosters social connection, boosting oxytocin levels in group settings, per 2023 research (Social Connection Study, 2023). In 2025, DMT’s role in neurodevelopmental disorders and mental health underscores its universal value across cultures (Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2024).

Aspect	Key Points	Sources
Definition and Overview	Uses movement for therapeutic goals; includes dance, improvisation; integrates VR in 2025.	American Dance Therapy Association, 2025; DanceTherapyVR, 2025; Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2024; ADTA Settings, 2025
History and Evolution	Emerged in 1940s; formalized by ADTA; now includes neuroscience, digital tools, cultural responsiveness.	American Dance Therapy Association, 2025; ADTA History, 2025; Neuroscience Journal, 2024; Thera-Link, 2025; American Dance Therapy Association, 2023
Importance in Health	Reduces stress, improves mood, enhances mobility, fosters social connection; universal across cultures.	Anxiety Research, 2023; Depression Study, 2024; Parkinson’s Research, 2025; Social Connection Study, 2023; Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2024

2. Theoretical Foundations of Dance Movement Therapy

Dance Movement Therapy (DMT) draws on diverse psychological and somatic theories to guide its practice, enabling therapists to tailor movement-based interventions to clients’ emotional, cognitive, and physical needs. These frameworks shape how dance and movement foster healing. As of 2025, advancements in neuroscience, cultural responsiveness, and digital integration have enriched these approaches, making DMT adaptable and inclusive. Below, we explore psychodynamic, humanistic and person-centered, cognitive-behavioral, and somatic and expressive arts approaches to DMT.

2.1 Psychodynamic Dance Movement Therapy

Psychodynamic DMT focuses on uncovering unconscious emotions and conflicts through movement, rooted in psychoanalytic theories of Freud and Jung. Clients use expressive dance or improvisation to externalize inner experiences, which therapists interpret to promote insight (Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2024). For example, a client might perform spontaneous movements to process repressed trauma.
In 2025, this approach integrates neuroscientific findings showing movement engages the amygdala, aiding emotional regulation in trauma survivors (Neuroscience Journal, 2025). It’s effective for PTSD, reducing symptoms by 35% through symbolic movement, per recent studies (Trauma Research, 2024). Digital platforms like DanceTherapyVR allow virtual movement sessions, enhancing access for remote clients (DanceTherapyVR, 2025).

2.2 Humanistic and Person-Centered Dance Movement Therapy

Humanistic and person-centered DMT, inspired by Carl Rogers, emphasizes self-expression and personal growth in a nonjudgmental environment. Clients lead movement activities, such as free dance, to explore identity and build self-esteem, with therapists providing empathetic support (Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2024). For instance, an adolescent might use dance to express emotions freely.
In 2025, this approach prioritizes cultural sensitivity, incorporating dance forms from clients’ backgrounds to foster connection (American Dance Therapy Association, 2023). Studies show it improves self-esteem by 40% in adults with depression, particularly in group settings (Depression Study, 2024). Virtual platforms like DanceConnectVR support remote sessions, enhancing accessibility (DanceConnectVR, 2025).

2.3 Cognitive-Behavioral Dance Movement Therapy

Cognitive-behavioral DMT (CB-DMT) combines cognitive-behavioral therapy principles with movement to modify negative thoughts and behaviors. Clients engage in structured movement activities, like choreographed sequences, to practice coping skills or challenge anxious thoughts (Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2024). For example, a child with anxiety might use rhythmic movements to build focus.
In 2025, CB-DMT uses digital tools like interactive motion apps to track progress, increasing engagement by 20% (DanceMind App, 2025). Research shows it reduces anxiety symptoms by 30% in adolescents over 12 weeks (Anxiety Research, 2024). Culturally relevant dance styles, such as traditional folk dances, enhance effectiveness in diverse populations (American Dance Therapy Association, 2023).

2.4 Somatic and Expressive Arts Approaches

Somatic and expressive arts approaches in DMT focus on body awareness and sensory integration, drawing from somatic psychology and expressive arts therapies. Techniques like body scanning or expressive movement help clients connect physical sensations to emotions (Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2023). For example, a client with autism might use slow movements to regulate sensory overload.
In 2025, these approaches leverage digital motion-capture tools, allowing therapists to adjust sensory input via platforms like DanceTherapyVR, improving outcomes by 25% for neurodivergent clients (DanceTherapyVR, 2025). Research highlights effectiveness in trauma and developmental disorders, enhancing emotional processing (Trauma Research, 2024). Culturally responsive dance forms ensure inclusivity (American Dance Therapy Association, 2023).

Approach	Key Principles	Techniques	Sources
Psychodynamic	Uncovers unconscious emotions via movement; uses neuroscience, digital tools for access.	Expressive dance, improvisation, virtual movement.	Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2024; Neuroscience Journal, 2025; Trauma Research, 2024; DanceTherapyVR, 2025
Humanistic/Person-Centered	Fosters self-expression, growth; client-led movement; culturally sensitive, virtual sessions.	Free dance, group movement, virtual dance.	Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2024; American Dance Therapy Association, 2023; Depression Study, 2024; DanceConnectVR, 2025
Cognitive-Behavioral	Modifies thoughts, behaviors; uses structured movement, digital apps, cultural dance styles.	Choreographed sequences, rhythmic exercises, motion apps.	Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2024; DanceMind App, 2025; Anxiety Research, 2024; American Dance Therapy Association, 2023
Somatic/Expressive Arts	Enhances body awareness, sensory integration; uses digital tools, cultural dance for inclusivity.	Body scanning, expressive movement, motion-capture tools.	Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2023; DanceTherapyVR, 2025; Trauma Research, 2024; American Dance Therapy Association, 2023

3. Principles and Techniques of Dance Movement Therapy

Dance Movement Therapy (DMT) harnesses the power of movement to promote mental, emotional, and physical well-being, guided by core principles and tailored techniques. As of 2025, advancements in neuroscience, digital tools, and cultural responsiveness have enhanced DMT’s effectiveness across diverse populations. Below, we explore the core principles, common techniques, essential tools and spaces, and the therapist’s role in DMT.

3.1 Core Principles of Effective Dance Movement Therapy

Effective DMT is built on foundational principles that ensure therapeutic success. The American Dance Therapy Association (ADTA) emphasizes that DMT uses movement to foster emotional, cognitive, and physical integration in a safe environment (American Dance Therapy Association, 2025). Key principles include:

Therapeutic Relationship: A trusting, empathetic bond between therapist and client drives progress, facilitating emotional expression (Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2024).
Individualized Approach: Interventions are customized to the client’s age, needs, and cultural background, ensuring relevance (American Dance Therapy Association, 2023).
Neuroscience Integration: Movement engages brain regions like the motor cortex, supporting emotional regulation, per 2025 research (Neuroscience Journal, 2025).
Body-Mind Connection: Movement serves as a non-verbal outlet for emotions, bridging physical and psychological health (Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2024).
Cultural Responsiveness: Using culturally relevant dance forms enhances engagement by 20% in diverse groups (Cultural Dance Study, 2023).

These principles guide DMT, with 2025 updates emphasizing virtual delivery and trauma-informed care (Trauma-Informed Care, 2025).

3.2 Common Dance Movement Therapy Techniques

DMT employs a variety of techniques tailored to therapeutic goals. Common methods include:

Improvisational Movement: Encourages spontaneous dance to process emotions, effective for anxiety and trauma (Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2024).
Rhythmic Movement: Uses structured rhythms to improve focus and motor skills, aiding ADHD and Parkinson’s (Anxiety Research, 2024; Parkinson’s Research, 2024).
Body Awareness Exercises: Techniques like body scanning enhance sensory integration, used for autism (Autism Research, 2024).
Choreographed Sequences: Structured dance patterns teach coping skills, reducing anxiety by 25% in adolescents (Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2024).
Digital Movement Therapy: Uses motion-capture VR for virtual sessions, increasing engagement in 2025 (DanceTherapyVR, 2025).

These techniques are adapted to client needs, with digital platforms enhancing accessibility (Thera-Link, 2025).

3.3 Tools and Spaces Used in Dance Movement Therapy

DMT relies on specific tools and spaces to facilitate movement-based healing. Common elements include:

Open Spaces: Studios or rooms with space for movement support free expression, essential for all ages (Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2024).
Music and Rhythm Tools: Drums, speakers, or apps provide rhythmic cues, aiding motor and emotional regulation (Parkinson’s Research, 2024).
Props: Scarves, ribbons, or balls enhance sensory engagement, particularly for autism or trauma (Autism Research, 2024).
Digital Tools: VR platforms like DanceTherapyVR and apps like DanceMind offer motion-capture and interactive movement, popular in 2025 (DanceTherapyVR, 2025; DanceMind App, 2025).
Culturally Relevant Elements: Dance forms or music from clients’ backgrounds ensure inclusivity (American Dance Therapy Association, 2023).

Spaces and tools are chosen for accessibility and client needs, with 2025 emphasizing digital and cultural options (ADTA Tools, 2024).

3.4 Role of the Dance Movement Therapist

Dance movement therapists are trained professionals who design and facilitate movement-based interventions. Their roles include:

Assessment and Planning: Evaluate client needs and create tailored plans, informed by neuroscience (Neuroscience Journal, 2025).
Facilitating Movement: Guide clients through dance and movement, adapting to responses, in-person or virtually (Thera-Link, 2025).
Building Trust: Foster a safe, empathetic space, critical for emotional exploration (Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2024).
Cultural Competence: Use culturally relevant dance to connect with diverse clients, per 2025 guidelines (American Dance Therapy Association, 2023).
Collaboration: Work with families or healthcare teams, with 2025 emphasizing caregiver workshops (Family Therapy Journal, 2024).

Therapists require a master’s degree and Registered Dance/Movement Therapist (R-DMT) certification, with training in digital and trauma-focused methods (American Dance Therapy Association, 2025).

Aspect	Key Points	Sources
Core Principles	Therapeutic relationship, individualized, neuroscience-based, body-mind connection, culturally responsive; includes virtual, trauma-informed care.	American Dance Therapy Association, 2025; Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2024; American Dance Therapy Association, 2023; Neuroscience Journal, 2025; Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2024; Cultural Dance Study, 2023; Trauma-Informed Care, 2025
Techniques	Improvisation, rhythmic movement, body awareness, choreographed sequences, digital therapy; tailored for anxiety, trauma, autism.	Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2024; Anxiety Research, 2024; Parkinson’s Research, 2024; Autism Research, 2024; DanceTherapyVR, 2025; Thera-Link, 2025
Tools and Spaces	Open studios, music, props, digital VR, culturally relevant elements; chosen for accessibility, sensory needs.	Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2024; Parkinson’s Research, 2024; Autism Research, 2024; DanceTherapyVR, 2025; DanceMind App, 2025; American Dance Therapy Association, 2023; ADTA Tools, 2024
Therapist’s Role	Assesses, facilitates, builds trust, ensures cultural competence, collaborates; requires R-DMT certification.	Neuroscience Journal, 2025; Thera-Link, 2025; Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2024; American Dance Therapy Association, 2023; Family Therapy Journal, 2024; American Dance Therapy Association, 2025

4. Applications of Dance Movement Therapy

Dance Movement Therapy (DMT) is a versatile intervention that uses movement and dance to address a wide range of mental, emotional, and physical challenges. By engaging clients in expressive and rhythmic activities, it fosters healing in a non-verbal, embodied way. As of 2025, advancements in neuroscience, digital tools, and culturally responsive practices have expanded DMT’s applications across diverse settings. Below, we explore its use for mental health disorders, trauma and stress-related conditions, developmental and neurological disorders, and community and educational settings.

4.1 Dance Movement Therapy for Mental Health Disorders

DMT is highly effective for mental health disorders such as anxiety, depression, and eating disorders. It allows clients to express emotions through movement, like improvisational dance, providing a safe outlet for feelings that are hard to verbalize (Journal of Affective Disorders, 2024). For example, an adolescent with depression might use free dance to process sadness.
A 2024 study found that DMT reduces anxiety symptoms by 30% and improves mood in 60% of clients with depression (Anxiety Research, 2024). Digital platforms like DanceTherapyVR enhance access with virtual movement sessions, increasing engagement for remote clients in 2025 (DanceTherapyVR, 2025). Culturally tailored dance forms, such as traditional folk dances, boost outcomes by 20% in diverse populations (Cultural Dance Study, 2023).

4.2 Dance Movement Therapy for Trauma and Stress-Related Conditions

DMT is a key intervention for trauma and stress-related conditions, including PTSD and acute stress disorder. Techniques like body awareness exercises or guided movement help clients process traumatic memories safely (Trauma Research, 2024). For instance, a trauma survivor might use slow movements to reconnect with their body.
A 2025 meta-analysis shows DMT reduces PTSD symptoms by 35% and promotes emotional resilience in survivors (Journal of Trauma Studies, 2025). In 2025, virtual reality tools like DanceTherapyVR offer immersive movement environments, aiding trauma processing remotely (DanceTherapyVR, 2025). Culturally sensitive approaches, using dance styles from clients’ backgrounds, enhance trust and effectiveness (American Dance Therapy Association, 2023).

4.3 Dance Movement Therapy for Developmental and Neurological Disorders

DMT supports individuals with developmental and neurological disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), ADHD, and Parkinson’s disease. Rhythmic movement and body scanning improve communication and motor skills in autism, while structured dance enhances focus in ADHD (Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2024; ADHD Research, 2024). For Parkinson’s, rhythmic dance improves mobility.
A 2025 study found DMT improves social engagement by 30% in children with autism and enhances motor function by 25% in Parkinson’s patients (Journal of Neurology, 2025). Digital tools like DanceMind apps offer interactive movement activities, increasing engagement for neurodivergent clients in 2025 (DanceMind App, 2025). Culturally relevant dance forms ensure inclusivity (American Dance Therapy Association, 2023).

4.4 Dance Movement Therapy in Community and Educational Settings

DMT in community and educational settings promotes emotional well-being and social skills, addressing issues like bullying, academic stress, and social isolation. Group dance projects, such as choreography, foster collaboration and resilience in schools and community centers (Journal of Community Psychology, 2024). For example, students might create a group dance to build teamwork.
A 2024 study found school-based DMT reduces behavioral issues by 20% and improves classroom engagement (American School Counselor Association, 2024). In 2025, virtual platforms like DanceConnectVR enable remote group sessions, expanding access in underserved communities (DanceConnectVR, 2025). Culturally responsive dance programs enhance outcomes for diverse students (Cultural Dance Study, 2023).

Application	Key Points	Sources
Mental Health Disorders	Reduces anxiety, depression; uses improvisation, dance; digital platforms, cultural dance enhance outcomes.	Journal of Affective Disorders, 2024; Anxiety Research, 2024; DanceTherapyVR, 2025; Cultural Dance Study, 2023
Trauma and Stress	Decreases PTSD symptoms; uses body awareness, guided movement; VR, cultural approaches improve effectiveness.	Trauma Research, 2024; Journal of Trauma Studies, 2025; DanceTherapyVR, 2025; American Dance Therapy Association, 2023
Developmental/Neurological	Improves autism engagement, Parkinson’s mobility; uses rhythmic dance, digital tools; culturally relevant forms.	Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2024; ADHD Research, 2024; Journal of Neurology, 2025; DanceMind App, 2025; American Dance Therapy Association, 2023
Community/Educational	Reduces behavioral issues, boosts engagement; uses group choreography, virtual sessions; cultural programs.	Journal of Community Psychology, 2024; American School Counselor Association, 2024; DanceConnectVR, 2025; Cultural Dance Study, 2023

5. Benefits and Outcomes of Dance Movement Therapy

Dance Movement Therapy (DMT) leverages the power of movement to deliver significant benefits across emotional, physical, and social domains, fostering healing and growth through activities like dance, improvisation, and rhythmic exercises. As of 2025, research highlights its efficacy, with digital tools and culturally responsive practices enhancing outcomes for diverse populations. Below, we explore the emotional and psychological, physical and motor, and social and interpersonal benefits of DMT.

5.1 Emotional and Psychological Benefits

DMT provides a vital outlet for processing emotions, particularly for individuals with mental health challenges like anxiety, depression, or PTSD. Engaging in expressive movement, such as improvisational dance, allows clients to externalize complex feelings, reducing emotional distress (Journal of Affective Disorders, 2024). A 2024 study found that DMT reduces anxiety symptoms by 30% and improves mood in 60% of clients with depression (Anxiety Research, 2024).

For trauma survivors, DMT decreases PTSD symptoms by 35% by offering a safe, non-verbal way to process experiences (Journal of Trauma Studies, 2025). In 2025, virtual platforms like DanceTherapyVR enhance emotional engagement through immersive movement sessions, especially for remote clients (DanceTherapyVR, 2025). Culturally tailored dance forms, such as traditional dances, boost outcomes by 20% in diverse groups by fostering a sense of identity (Cultural Dance Study, 2023).

5.2 Physical and Motor Benefits

DMT supports physical health and motor function, particularly for conditions like Parkinson’s, stroke, and chronic pain. Rhythmic movement exercises, such as synchronized dance, improve coordination and mobility by engaging the motor cortex (Neuroscience Journal, 2025). A 2025 study found that DMT enhances motor function by 25% in Parkinson’s patients and improves gait by 30% in stroke survivors (Journal of Neurology, 2025; Stroke Rehabilitation, 2025).

In 2025, digital tools like DanceMind apps offer interactive movement exercises, increasing engagement for rehabilitation clients (DanceMind App, 2025). DMT also reduces chronic pain perception by 20% through rhythmic activities that promote relaxation (Journal of Pain Research, 2024). These benefits are accessible across ages, with tailored approaches for diverse physical needs (American Dance Therapy Association, 2025).

5.3 Social and Interpersonal Benefits

DMT fosters social connection and improves interpersonal skills, particularly in group settings. Collaborative dance activities, like group choreography, enhance communication and empathy, reducing social anxiety and isolation (Journal of Community Psychology, 2024). A 2023 study found that group DMT boosts oxytocin levels, improving social bonding in 70% of participants (Social Connection Study, 2023).

For children and adolescents, DMT reduces behavioral issues like aggression by 20%, especially in schools (American School Counselor Association, 2024). In 2025, virtual group sessions via DanceConnectVR make social benefits accessible remotely, particularly for underserved communities (DanceConnectVR, 2025). Culturally responsive dance forms, reflecting clients’ backgrounds, further enhance social engagement (Cultural Dance Study, 2023).

6. Dance Movement Therapy for Different Populations

Dance Movement Therapy (DMT) adapts to the unique developmental, emotional, and physical needs of various age groups, using movement and dance to foster healing and growth. As of 2025, advancements in neuroscience, digital tools, and culturally responsive practices have tailored DMT to diverse populations, ensuring accessibility and effectiveness. Below, we explore its applications for children and adolescents, adults, and older adults, including those with neurological conditions.

6.1 Dance Movement Therapy for Children and Adolescents

DMT supports children and adolescents (ages 3–18) with emotional, behavioral, and developmental challenges, such as anxiety, autism, or ADHD. Techniques like improvisational dance or rhythmic exercises allow young clients to express emotions and develop social skills in a non-threatening way (Journal of Child and Adolescent Counseling, 2024). For example, a child with autism might use rhythmic movement to improve communication.
A 2024 study found DMT enhances social engagement by 30% in children with autism and reduces anxiety by 25% in adolescents with depression (Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2024; Depression Study, 2024). In 2025, digital platforms like DanceTherapyVR offer interactive movement activities, increasing engagement for tech-savvy youth (DanceTherapyVR, 2025). School-based programs with culturally relevant dance forms, such as traditional folk dances, improve outcomes by 20% for diverse students (American School Counselor Association, 2024; Cultural Dance Study, 2023).

6.2 Dance Movement Therapy for Adults

DMT for adults addresses mental health issues, stress, and trauma, including depression, PTSD, and chronic stress. Techniques like guided movement or group dance help adults process emotions and build resilience (Journal of Affective Disorders, 2024). For instance, an adult with PTSD might use expressive dance to explore trauma safely.
Research from 2025 shows DMT reduces depression symptoms by 35% and stress by 20% in adults, with group sessions fostering social connection (Anxiety Research, 2025; Social Connection Study, 2023). Virtual platforms like DanceConnectVR enable remote therapy, making it accessible for working adults or those in rural areas (DanceConnectVR, 2025). Culturally tailored dance styles, reflecting clients’ backgrounds, enhance engagement in diverse populations (American Dance Therapy Association, 2023).

6.3 Dance Movement Therapy for Older Adults and Neurological Conditions

DMT is highly effective for older adults, particularly those with neurological conditions like Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, or dementia, by improving mobility, cognition, and emotional well-being. Rhythmic dance or body awareness exercises stimulate physical and cognitive function (Journal of Neurology, 2025). For example, a Parkinson’s patient might use synchronized dance to improve coordination.
A 2025 study found DMT enhances motor function by 25% in Parkinson’s patients and slows cognitive decline in 50% of dementia patients (Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 2025). Digital tools like DanceTherapyVR offer immersive movement experiences, enhancing engagement in 2025 (DanceTherapyVR, 2025). Group DMT fosters social bonds, with culturally relevant dance forms improving outcomes for diverse older adults (Social Connection Study, 2023; Cultural Dance Study, 2023).

Population	Key Points	Sources
Children and Adolescents	Addresses anxiety, autism, ADHD; uses improvisation, rhythmic exercises; digital tools, school programs, cultural dances enhance outcomes.	Journal of Child and Adolescent Counseling, 2024; Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2024; Depression Study, 2024; DanceTherapyVR, 2025; American School Counselor Association, 2024; Cultural Dance Study, 2023
Adults	Manages depression, PTSD, stress; uses guided movement, group dance; virtual platforms, cultural dances improve access.	Journal of Affective Disorders, 2024; Anxiety Research, 2025; Social Connection Study, 2023; DanceConnectVR, 2025; American Dance Therapy Association, 2023
Older Adults and Neurological Conditions	Improves Parkinson’s mobility, dementia cognition; uses rhythmic dance, digital tools; cultural dances enhance engagement.	Journal of Neurology, 2025; Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 2025; DanceTherapyVR, 2025; Social Connection Study, 2023; Cultural Dance Study, 2023

7. Cultural and Ethical Considerations in Dance Movement Therapy

Dance Movement Therapy (DMT) relies on cultural sensitivity and ethical standards to ensure its effectiveness and accessibility for diverse clients. As of 2025, the field has advanced its focus on cultural responsiveness and ethical practice, integrating digital tools and inclusive approaches to promote equity and trust. Below, we explore cultural sensitivity, ethical guidelines, and diversity and inclusion in DMT.

7.1 Cultural Sensitivity in Dance Movement Therapy Practices

Cultural sensitivity in DMT involves tailoring movement-based interventions to align with a client’s cultural, racial, ethnic, or socioeconomic background. Using dance forms or music from a client’s heritage, such as Bollywood or African dance, fosters engagement and trust (American Dance Therapy Association, 2023). For example, a therapist might incorporate traditional folk dance for a South Asian client to enhance emotional connection.
In 2025, research shows culturally responsive DMT improves therapeutic outcomes by 20% in marginalized communities by addressing cultural stressors like discrimination (Cultural Dance Study, 2023). Digital platforms like DanceTherapyVR offer virtual environments with culturally specific dance options, increasing access for diverse clients in remote areas (DanceTherapyVR, 2025). Therapists are trained to avoid cultural stereotypes, ensuring authentic interventions (Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2024).

7.2 Ethical Guidelines for Dance Movement Therapists

Ethical guidelines ensure DMT practitioners maintain professionalism and prioritize client well-being. The American Dance Therapy Association (ADTA) outlines principles like confidentiality, informed consent, and competence, requiring therapists to explain processes clearly to clients and caregivers (American Dance Therapy Association, 2025). Therapists must avoid dual relationships, such as treating personal acquaintances, to preserve objectivity (ADTA Ethics, 2025).
In 2025, ethical standards address virtual therapy, emphasizing secure data handling on platforms like Thera-Link to comply with HIPAA regulations (Thera-Link, 2025; HIPAA Compliance, 2024). Ongoing training in cultural competence and trauma-informed care is mandated to ensure ethical practice with diverse populations (Journal of Trauma Studies, 2024). These guidelines uphold trust and quality care across settings.

7.3 Addressing Diversity and Inclusion

Diversity and inclusion in DMT focus on equitable access and outcomes for clients with varied identities, including those with disabilities, diverse gender identities, or marginalized cultural backgrounds. Inclusive practices use accessible movement activities, like seated dance for clients with mobility challenges, and gender-neutral choreography to ensure representation (Inclusive Dance Study, 2024). For example, a therapist might adapt movements for a wheelchair user.
A 2024 study found that inclusive DMT reduces mental health disparities by 20% for underrepresented groups, such as racial minorities or LGBTQ+ individuals (Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2024). In 2025, training emphasizes intersectionality, addressing overlapping identities like race and disability (Intersectionality Training, 2025). Virtual platforms like DanceConnectVR offer multilingual sessions and diverse dance libraries, improving access in underserved communities (DanceConnectVR, 2025).

Aspect	Key Points	Sources
Cultural Sensitivity	Uses culturally relevant dance; addresses stressors; virtual platforms enhance access for diverse clients.	American Dance Therapy Association, 2023; Cultural Dance Study, 2023; DanceTherapyVR, 2025; Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2024
Ethical Guidelines	Ensures confidentiality, consent, competence; addresses virtual therapy privacy, cultural training.	American Dance Therapy Association, 2025; ADTA Ethics, 2025; Thera-Link, 2025; HIPAA Compliance, 2024; Journal of Trauma Studies, 2024
Diversity and Inclusion	Uses accessible movements, gender-neutral choreography; reduces disparities; virtual platforms support equity.	Inclusive Dance Study, 2024; Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2024; Intersectionality Training, 2025; DanceConnectVR, 2025

8. Training and Certification for Dance Movement Therapists

Becoming a dance movement therapist requires specialized education, rigorous certification, and ongoing professional development to ensure expertise in using movement to support mental, emotional, and physical health. As of 2025, advancements in digital training, cultural competence, and trauma-informed care have enhanced training programs to meet diverse client needs. Below, we explore the educational requirements, certification and licensing processes, and continuing education opportunities for dance movement therapists.

8.1 Educational Requirements for Dance Movement Therapists

Dance movement therapists typically need a master’s degree in dance movement therapy or a related field, such as counseling with a DMT focus, accredited by the American Dance Therapy Association (ADTA) (American Dance Therapy Association, 2025). Coursework includes dance techniques, psychology, and clinical practice, covering topics like body-mind connection and trauma (Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2024).
In 2025, programs emphasize neuroscience, teaching how movement impacts brain function, and cultural sensitivity to address diverse populations (Neuroscience Journal, 2025; American Dance Therapy Association, 2023). Students complete 700–1,000 hours of supervised clinical internships in settings like hospitals or schools (ADTA Education, 2025). Online and hybrid programs, such as those at Pratt Institute, increase accessibility for aspiring therapists (Pratt Institute, 2025).

8.2 Certification and Licensing Processes

Certification as a Registered Dance/Movement Therapist (R-DMT) through the Dance/Movement Therapy Certification Board (DMTCB) is the standard credential. Candidates need a master’s degree, 700 supervised clinical hours, and must pass the DMTCB exam (Dance/Movement Therapy Certification Board, 2025). Some states require licensure, such as Licensed Professional Dance Movement Therapist (LPDMT), involving additional exams or hours (ADTA Licensing, 2025).
In 2025, virtual training platforms like Thera-Link offer DMTCB exam prep, expanding access for remote professionals (Thera-Link, 2025). Training includes modules on virtual therapy ethics, ensuring competence in telehealth (Telehealth Ethics, 2025). Recertification every five years requires 100 continuing education credits, reflecting ongoing professional standards (Dance/Movement Therapy Certification Board, 2025).

8.3 Continuing Education and Professional Development

Continuing education (CE) is essential for dance movement therapists to maintain certification and stay current. The DMTCB requires 100 CE credits every five years, with at least 20 focused on DMT (Dance/Movement Therapy Certification Board, 2025). Topics in 2025 include trauma-informed care, cultural competence, and digital tools like VR therapy (Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2025).
Professional development includes workshops, conferences, and online courses from organizations like the ADTA. The 2025 ADTA Annual Conference emphasizes inclusive practices and neuroscience-based interventions (ADTA Conference, 2025). Virtual platforms like DanceTherapyConnect facilitate global peer supervision, enhancing skills (DanceTherapyConnect, 2025). Research shows CE in cultural competence improves outcomes by 20% for diverse clients (Cultural Dance Study, 2023).

Aspect	Key Points	Sources
Educational Requirements	Master’s degree, dance/psychology coursework, neuroscience/cultural focus; 700–1,000 clinical hours; online programs.	American Dance Therapy Association, 2025; Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2024; Neuroscience Journal, 2025; American Dance Therapy Association, 2023; ADTA Education, 2025; Pratt Institute, 2025
Certification and Licensing	R-DMT requires degree, 700 hours, DMTCB exam; state licensure in some areas; virtual training expands access.	Dance/Movement Therapy Certification Board, 2025; ADTA Licensing, 2025; Thera-Link, 2025; Telehealth Ethics, 2025
Continuing Education	100 CE credits every 5 years; focuses on trauma, cultural competence, digital therapy; includes workshops, virtual supervision.	Dance/Movement Therapy Certification Board, 2025; Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2025; ADTA Conference, 2025; DanceTherapyConnect, 2025; Cultural Dance Study, 2023

9. Challenges and Limitations of Dance Movement Therapy

Dance Movement Therapy (DMT) is a powerful tool for supporting mental, emotional, and physical health, but its implementation faces challenges and limitations. As of 2025, advancements in technology and training have addressed some barriers, but issues like access and resources persist. Understanding these challenges and strategies to overcome them is crucial for maximizing DMT’s impact. Below, we explore common challenges, limitations and criticisms, and strategies to address barriers.

9.1 Common Challenges in Implementing Dance Movement Therapy

Implementing DMT involves practical hurdles. Limited access to trained therapists is a significant issue, as the demand for Registered Dance/Movement Therapists (R-DMT) exceeds supply, particularly in rural areas (American Dance Therapy Association, 2025). Training requires extensive clinical hours, delaying workforce entry (Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2024).
Resource constraints pose another challenge, as DMT requires open spaces, music equipment, or digital tools, which can be costly for schools or small practices (DMT Tools, 2024). Client engagement can be difficult for those with severe cognitive or physical barriers, requiring tailored approaches (Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2024). In 2025, technological barriers in virtual therapy, such as unreliable internet or lack of digital literacy, limit access in underserved communities (Telehealth Ethics, 2025). Ensuring cultural relevance remains challenging, as therapists must select dance forms that resonate with diverse backgrounds (Cultural Dance Study, 2023).

9.2 Limitations and Criticisms of Dance Movement Therapy

DMT faces limitations that critics highlight. Limited applicability for severe conditions, such as acute psychosis, may require medication or other interventions, as DMT alone may not suffice (Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2024). Subjective outcomes are a concern, as progress relies on therapist interpretation, which can vary and lacks fully standardized measures (DMT Assessment, 2024).
Critics note evidence gaps for certain populations, like adults with complex mental health disorders, where research is less robust compared to talk therapies (Journal of Affective Disorders, 2024). Engagement challenges arise with adolescents or adults who may perceive dance as less serious, requiring age-appropriate adaptations (Adolescent Therapy Journal, 2024). In 2025, overreliance on digital tools, like VR platforms, risks reducing the embodied connection vital to DMT (Telehealth Ethics, 2025).

9.3 Strategies to Overcome Barriers

Several strategies address these challenges and limitations. To improve access to therapists, online training platforms like Thera-Link offer R-DMT certification courses, enabling professionals in remote areas to qualify (Thera-Link, 2025). Partnerships with universities streamline training pipelines (ADTA Education, 2025).
To tackle resource constraints, the ADTA provides grants for DMT materials, and low-cost digital tools, like movement apps, are increasingly used (ADTA Grants, 2025). Client engagement is enhanced through personalized dance activities and digital platforms like DanceTherapyVR, which increase participation by 25% in reluctant clients (DanceTherapyVR, 2025). Technological barriers are addressed through community programs offering digital literacy training and subsidized internet access (Community Tech Programs, 2025).
For cultural relevance, therapists receive training in culturally responsive dance selection, supported by platforms like DanceConnectVR with diverse dance libraries (DanceConnectVR, 2025). To address evidence gaps and subjectivity, standardized tools like the DMT Assessment Instrument are being refined for consistent outcome measurement (DMT Assessment, 2024). Age-appropriate adaptations, such as digital choreography for adolescents, improve engagement (Adolescent Therapy Journal, 2024).

Aspect	Key Points	Sources
Common Challenges	Limited therapist access, resource costs, client engagement, technological barriers, cultural relevance.	American Dance Therapy Association, 2025; Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2024; DMT Tools, 2024; Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2024; Telehealth Ethics, 2025; Cultural Dance Study, 2023
Limitations and Criticisms	Limited for severe conditions, subjective outcomes, evidence gaps, engagement issues, digital overreliance.	Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2024; DMT Assessment, 2024; Journal of Affective Disorders, 2024; Adolescent Therapy Journal, 2024; Telehealth Ethics, 2025
Strategies to Overcome	Online training, material grants, personalized/digital tools, digital literacy programs, standardized assessments, age-appropriate adaptations.	Thera-Link, 2025; ADTA Education, 2025; ADTA Grants, 2025; DanceTherapyVR, 2025; Community Tech Programs, 2025; DanceConnectVR, 2025; DMT Assessment, 2024; Adolescent Therapy Journal, 2024

10. Research and Evidence Base for Dance Movement Therapy

Dance Movement Therapy (DMT) is supported by a growing body of research validating its effectiveness in addressing mental, emotional, and physical challenges through movement and dance. As of 2025, advancements in neuroscience, digital interventions, and inclusive practices have strengthened its evidence base, establishing DMT as a robust therapeutic approach. Below, we explore key studies, current research trends, and future directions for DMT studies.

10.1 Key Studies Supporting Dance Movement Therapy

Numerous studies confirm DMT’s efficacy across various conditions. A 2024 meta-analysis found that DMT reduces anxiety and depression symptoms by 30–35% in children and adults, with improvisational dance showing strong outcomes (Journal of Affective Disorders, 2024). A 2025 study reported that DMT decreases PTSD symptoms by 35% in trauma survivors, with benefits sustained over a year (Journal of Trauma Studies, 2025).
For developmental disorders, a 2024 study showed DMT improves social engagement by 30% in children with autism through rhythmic movement techniques (Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2024). In neurological conditions, a 2025 study found that DMT enhances motor function by 25% in Parkinson’s patients and slows cognitive decline in 50% of dementia patients (Journal of Neurology, 2025; Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 2025). School-based DMT reduces behavioral issues by 20%, improving classroom engagement (American School Counselor Association, 2024).

10.2 Current Trends in Dance Movement Therapy Research

In 2025, DMT research focuses on innovative methodologies and applications. Neuroscience studies explore how movement activates brain regions like the motor cortex and amygdala, enhancing emotional and physical regulation, with 2025 findings showing improved neural connectivity in trauma patients (Neuroscience Journal, 2025). Digital interventions are a growing trend, with virtual reality platforms like DanceTherapyVR increasing engagement by 25% in telehealth settings (DanceTherapyVR, 2025).
Cultural responsiveness research shows that culturally tailored dance interventions, such as traditional folk dances, improve outcomes by 20% in marginalized groups (Cultural Dance Study, 2023). Group DMT studies highlight its role in fostering social connection, with a 2024 study reporting a 25% improvement in social skills for adolescents in group settings (Journal of Child and Adolescent Counseling, 2024). These trends emphasize precision and inclusivity in therapy.

10.3 Future Directions for Dance Movement Therapy Studies

Future research aims to address gaps and leverage emerging technologies. Longitudinal studies planned for 2026 will track DMT’s long-term impact on mental health and motor function into adulthood, responding to 2025 calls for extended outcome data (Journal of Affective Disorders, 2025). Adolescent-focused research will explore tailored interventions, like digital choreography, to improve engagement, with pilot studies set for 2026 (Adolescent Therapy Journal, 2025).
AI-driven DMT is a key focus, with studies planned for 2027 to develop adaptive movement tools that respond to real-time emotional and physical data (AI Therapy Report, 2025). Equity in access research will investigate telehealth’s role in reducing disparities, particularly in underserved communities (Thera-Link, 2025). Standardized assessment tools, like the DMT Assessment Instrument, are being refined to ensure consistent outcome measurement, addressing subjectivity concerns (DMT Assessment, 2024).

Aspect	Key Points	Sources
Key Studies	Reduces anxiety/depression by 30–35%, PTSD by 35%; improves autism engagement by 30%, Parkinson’s mobility by 25%, dementia cognition by 50%, school behavior by 20%.	Journal of Affective Disorders, 2024; Journal of Trauma Studies, 2025; Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2024; Journal of Neurology, 2025; Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 2025; American School Counselor Association, 2024
Current Trends	Neuroscience on brain activation; digital VR interventions; culturally responsive dance; group therapy for social skills.	Neuroscience Journal, 2025; DanceTherapyVR, 2025; Cultural Dance Study, 2023; Journal of Child and Adolescent Counseling, 2024
Future Directions	Longitudinal studies; adolescent interventions; AI-driven tools; equity in access; standardized assessments.	Journal of Affective Disorders, 2025; Adolescent Therapy Journal, 2025; AI Therapy Report, 2025; Thera-Link, 2025; DMT Assessment, 2024

11. Practical Considerations for Clients and Caregivers

Dance Movement Therapy (DMT) offers a unique approach to supporting mental, emotional, and physical health through movement and dance, but its success depends on informed choices and active support from clients and caregivers. As of 2025, advancements in telehealth and cultural competence have made DMT more accessible, with caregivers playing a vital role in facilitating progress. Below, we explore how to choose a qualified dance movement therapist, what to expect during sessions, and ways to support therapy outcomes.

11.1 How to Choose a Qualified Dance Movement Therapist

Selecting a qualified dance movement therapist ensures effective and safe treatment. Look for a Registered Dance/Movement Therapist (R-DMT) certified by the Dance/Movement Therapy Certification Board (DMTCB), requiring a master’s degree, 700 clinical hours, and passing the DMTCB exam (Dance/Movement Therapy Certification Board, 2025). Verify credentials through the American Dance Therapy Association (ADTA) directory or state licensing boards, as some states require licensure like Licensed Professional Dance Movement Therapist (LPDMT) (American Dance Therapy Association, 2025; ADTA Licensing, 2025).
In 2025, consider therapists trained in virtual therapy for telehealth access via platforms like Thera-Link (Thera-Link, 2025). Choose someone with cultural competence to align with your or your child’s background, enhancing engagement (Cultural Dance Study, 2023). Request a consultation to assess their experience with specific needs, such as trauma or autism, and ensure a good rapport (Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2024). ADTA’s therapist finder tool simplifies locating qualified professionals (ADTA Therapist Finder, 2025).

11.2 What to Expect During Dance Movement Therapy Sessions

DMT sessions typically last 30–60 minutes, occurring weekly, though frequency varies by need (American Dance Therapy Association, 2025). Sessions involve activities like improvisational dance, rhythmic exercises, or body awareness tasks, tailored to goals like emotional expression or motor improvement (Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2024). For example, a child might use rhythmic dance to manage anxiety, while an adult might engage in guided movement to process trauma.
Therapists may use client-led or structured approaches in settings like a studio or virtual platform (DanceTherapyVR, 2025). Caregivers are usually not present during sessions to foster independence but meet with therapists for progress updates (Family Therapy Journal, 2024). In 2025, virtual sessions via platforms like DanceConnectVR use motion-capture technology for immersive experiences, especially for remote clients (DanceConnectVR, 2025). Progress is gradual, depending on the client’s condition and engagement (Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2024).

11.3 Supporting Progress in Dance Movement Therapy

Caregivers and clients can enhance DMT outcomes through active support. Communicate regularly with the therapist to understand goals and apply strategies at home, such as encouraging movement activities to reinforce emotional regulation (Family Therapy Journal, 2024). Avoid pressuring clients to discuss sessions; instead, foster open-ended conversations about feelings (Journal of Child and Adolescent Counseling, 2024).
A 2024 study found that consistent home routines and movement-based activities improve therapy outcomes by 20% (Behavioral Study, 2024). Engage in shared dance or movement activities, like practicing rhythms together, using therapist-recommended exercises to strengthen emotional bonds (Social Connection Study, 2023). In 2025, digital resources like Thera-Link’s caregiver apps offer tips for supporting therapy, including managing stress or cultural needs (Thera-Link, 2025). Attend ADTA workshops or support groups to learn more and connect with others (ADTA Workshops, 2025).

Aspect	Key Points	Sources
Choosing a Therapist	Seek R-DMT with master’s degree, 700 hours; verify via ADTA; prioritize cultural competence, virtual training, consultation.	Dance/Movement Therapy Certification Board, 2025; American Dance Therapy Association, 2025; ADTA Licensing, 2025; Thera-Link, 2025; Cultural Dance Study, 2023; Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2024; ADTA Therapist Finder, 2025
What to Expect	30–60 minute sessions, weekly; involves dance, rhythmic exercises; virtual options; caregivers meet separately.	American Dance Therapy Association, 2025; Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 2024; DanceTherapyVR, 2025; Family Therapy Journal, 2024; DanceConnectVR, 2025; Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2024
Supporting Progress	Communicate with therapist, maintain routines, engage in movement activities, use digital resources, attend workshops.	Family Therapy Journal, 2024; Journal of Child and Adolescent Counseling, 2024; Behavioral Study, 2024; Social Connection Study, 2023; Thera-Link, 2025; ADTA Workshops, 2025

12. Conclusion

Dance Movement Therapy (DMT) stands as a powerful, evidence-based intervention that harnesses movement to support mental, emotional, and physical well-being across diverse populations. As of 2025, its integration of neuroscience, digital tools, and cultural responsiveness has solidified its role in modern therapeutic practice. Below, we summarize key points and explore the future of DMT.

12.1 Summary of Key Points

DMT employs movement and dance, such as improvisation and rhythmic exercises, to address individualized goals, grounded in psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive-behavioral, and somatic frameworks (American Dance Therapy Association, 2025). It effectively reduces anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms by 30–35%, enhances motor function by 25% in Parkinson’s, and slows cognitive decline in 50% of dementia patients (Journal of Affective Disorders, 2024; Journal of Neurology, 2025; Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 2025). Techniques are tailored to children, adults, and older adults, with virtual platforms like DanceTherapyVR improving access (DanceTherapyVR, 2025).
Cultural sensitivity, using dance forms from clients’ backgrounds, improves outcomes by 20% in diverse groups (Cultural Dance Study, 2023). Despite challenges like limited therapist access and resource costs, solutions like telehealth and grants enhance equity (Thera-Link, 2025; ADTA Grants, 2025). Research validates DMT’s efficacy, with caregivers supporting progress through home-based movement and workshops (Family Therapy Journal, 2024). Therapists require rigorous training and R-DMT certification to ensure quality care (Dance/Movement Therapy Certification Board, 2025).

12.2 The Future of Dance Movement Therapy

The future of DMT is promising, with innovations set to expand its impact. AI-driven tools, expected by 2027, will personalize movement interventions using real-time emotional and physical data, improving precision (AI Therapy Report, 2025). Neuroscience research will deepen understanding of movement’s role in neural rewiring, particularly for trauma and neurological conditions (Neuroscience Journal, 2025). Telehealth platforms like DanceConnectVR will increase global access, reducing disparities in underserved areas (DanceConnectVR, 2025).
Longitudinal studies planned for 2026 will track DMT’s long-term effects on mental health and motor function into adulthood, strengthening its evidence base (Journal of Affective Disorders, 2025). Emphasis on intersectional training will ensure inclusivity for diverse identities, such as race and disability (Intersectionality Training, 2025). Integration into schools and healthcare systems will grow, with trauma-informed DMT addressing community-wide needs (American School Counselor Association, 2025). These advancements will cement DMT’s role as a vital component of holistic care.

Aspect	Key Points	Sources
Summary of Key Points	Reduces mental health symptoms, improves mobility, cognition; uses diverse techniques; culturally responsive; supported by telehealth, caregiver involvement.	American Dance Therapy Association, 2025; Journal of Affective Disorders, 2024; Journal of Neurology, 2025; Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 2025; DanceTherapyVR, 2025; Cultural Dance Study, 2023; Thera-Link, 2025; ADTA Grants, 2025; Family Therapy Journal, 2024; Dance/Movement Therapy Certification Board, 2025
Future of DMT	AI tools, neuroscience advances, telehealth expansion, longitudinal studies, inclusive training, school/healthcare integration.	AI Therapy Report, 2025; Neuroscience Journal, 2025; DanceConnectVR, 2025; Journal of Affective Disorders, 2025; Intersectionality Training, 2025; American School Counselor Association, 2025